Objective Reality: Reality exists independently of consciousness.

• Materialism: Reality is entirely physical and naturalistic.

• Determinism: Reality follows fixed causal laws.

• Physicalism: A modern materialist view incorporating physics' findings about matter and energy.

• Mathematical Realism: Reality is fundamentally mathematical in nature.

Subjective Reality: Reality depends on personal perception or belief.

• Phenomenalism: Reality is the sum of sensory experiences.

• Idealism: Reality is mentally or spiritually constructed.

• Existentialism: Reality is defined by individual experience and meaning.

Mystical Reality: Reality is governed by supernatural or unknowable principles.

• Multiplicity: Multiple deities, spirits, or forces govern existence (e.g., Ancient Polytheism).

• Monism: All of existence is a single, unified substance (e.g., Pantheism, Brahman).

• Dualism: Physical and spiritual realms are distinct but interact.

• Process Philosophy: Reality is dynamic and constantly evolving (e.g., Whitehead’s Process Thought).

• Karma-Based: Reality operates according to moral cause-and-effect principles (e.g., Hinduism, Buddhism).

Pluralism: Reality consists of many fundamentally different kinds of things.

• Atomism: Reality is made up of indivisible, distinct units (e.g., Democritus’s atoms).

• Panpsychism: Consciousness or mental aspects exist in all things.

• Theistic Pluralism: Multiple divine beings influence reality.

Agnostic/Unknowable Reality: Reality is fundamentally beyond human comprehension.

• Mysticism: Truth is only accessible through altered states or divine revelation.

• Skeptical Realism: Reality might exist, but its nature is beyond our ability to know.

Rationalism: Knowledge comes from reason and logical deduction.

• Foundationalism: Knowledge is built on self-evident truths.

• Coherentism: Knowledge is validated by its consistency with other beliefs.

• Internalism: Justification depends on factors accessible to the knower's consciousness.

• Externalism: Justification depends on external factors, such as reliability of processes.

Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experience.

• Scientific Methodology: Evidence-based and testable claims.

• Naturalism: Knowledge derived from studying the natural world.

• Phenomenology: Knowledge of experience as it appears to consciousness.

Faith-Based Knowledge: Knowledge comes from belief in divine or transcendent sources.

• Scriptural Knowledge: Knowledge derived from sacred texts.

• Revelatory Knowledge: Direct communication from a deity or higher power.

• Traditionalism: Knowledge preserved and passed through generations.

Pragmatism: Knowledge is validated by its utility in achieving practical outcomes.

• Instrumentalism: Knowledge as a tool for solving problems.

• Verificationism: Meaningful knowledge is determined by verifiability in practice.

Skepticism: Knowledge is uncertain or unattainable in its entirety.

• Agnosticism: Claims about reality are unknowable.

• Pyrrhonism: Radical doubt about all knowledge claims.

• Fallibilism: Even well-supported knowledge is subject to revision.

Intuitionism: Knowledge is gained through non-rational means, such as instinct or insight.

• Mystical Insight: Understanding through altered states of consciousness.

• Aesthetic Insight: Knowledge through art or beauty.

• Moral Intuitionism: Knowledge of right and wrong via instinctive awareness.

Constructivism: Knowledge is shaped by social, cultural, or linguistic contexts.

• Relativism: Truth varies between cultures or individuals.

• Hermeneutics: Knowledge through interpretation of meaning and context.

• Critical Theory: Examining how power and ideology shape knowledge.

Contextualism: The standards for knowledge depend on the context of inquiry.

• Epistemic Contextualism: What counts as "justified" depends on situational factors.

Consequentialism: Morality is determined by the outcomes of actions.

• Utilitarianism: Actions should maximize happiness or well-being.

• Egoism: Actions should prioritize personal benefit.

• Altruism: Actions should prioritize the well-being of others.

• Negative Utilitarianism: Actions should minimize suffering rather than maximize happiness.

Deontology: Morality is based on adherence to rules or duties.

• Kantian Ethics: Actions are right if they follow universal maxims.

• Divine Command Ethics: Moral rules are dictated by a deity or sacred text.

• Rule Deontology: Morality follows established rules regardless of consequences.

• Rights-Based Ethics: Morality respects inherent human or natural rights.

Virtue Ethics: Morality is about developing good character traits and living virtuously.

• Aristotelian Ethics: Focus on achieving eudaimonia (flourishing) through virtues.

• Confucian Ethics: Emphasis on relationships, harmony, and societal roles.

• Stoic Ethics: Developing virtues to live in accordance with nature and reason.

Relativism: Morality is subjective and varies by context or culture.

• Cultural Relativism: Morality depends on societal norms and traditions.

• Personal Relativism: Morality is defined by individual preferences or beliefs.

• Moral Pluralism: Different moral systems can coexist as equally valid.

Ethical Nihilism: Morality has no inherent value or meaning.

• Amoralism: Rejection of moral norms entirely.

• Existentialist Ethics: Individuals create their own moral values in an indifferent universe.

Karma Ethics: Actions create future consequences based on spiritual or metaphysical laws.

• Hindu Karma: Actions affect one's future within the cycle of reincarnation.

• Buddhist Karma: Actions shape future experiences, including rebirth and enlightenment.

Individualism: Society exists to protect individual rights.

• Libertarianism: Advocates minimal government interference.

• Classical Liberalism: Balances individual freedom with the rule of law.

• Laissez-faire Capitalism: Focuses on free trade and no economic interference from government.

Collectivism: Society exists to prioritize the group’s well-being.

• Communism: Advocates common ownership of resources.

• Democratic Socialism: Balances collective welfare with democratic governance.

• Utopian Socialism: Idealized vision of a cooperative society.

Authoritarianism: Society requires centralized control.

• Theocracy: Governance is based on religious principles.

• Totalitarianism: Absolute control over all aspects of life.

• Monarchy: Rule by a single individual, often hereditary.

• Fascism: Centralized authoritarian rule emphasizing nationalism and order.

Anarchism: Society functions without formal governmental structures.

• Mutualism: Voluntary exchange and cooperation.

• Syndicalism: Governance through organized labor.

• Anarcho-Communism: Stateless, collective ownership.

• Anarcho-Capitalism: Stateless society with private property and free markets.

Meritocracy: Leadership based on ability and achievement.

• Technocracy: Governance by technical experts.

• Epistocracy: Governance by those with political knowledge or competence.

Tribalism: Governance is based on small, kinship-based groups.

• Clannism: Emphasis on family or clan loyalty.

• Nomadism: Adaptive governance structures for mobile groups.

Democracy: Governance by the people, either directly or through representatives.

• Direct Democracy: Citizens vote on laws and policies directly.

• Representative Democracy: Citizens elect officials to make decisions.

• Constitutional Democracy: Government powers are limited by a constitution.

• Deliberative Democracy: Emphasizes discussion and consensus.

• Republic: Emphasizes elected leadership and representative government, often with constitutional limits.

Oligarchy: Governance by a small, privileged group.

• Aristocracy: Rule by a noble class.

• Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy.

• Corporatocracy: Rule by corporations or economic elites.

Feudalism: Decentralized governance based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals.

• Manorialism: Economic and social structure tied to landownership.

Environmentalism: Governance that prioritizes environmental sustainability.

• Eco-Socialism: Integration of environmentalism with collective ownership.

• Green Politics: Emphasizes environmental justice and sustainability.

Idealism: Art reflects perfection and inspires.

• Classical Idealism: Emphasis on balance, proportion, and harmony (e.g., Greek sculptures).

• Romantic Idealism: Focus on the sublime, emotion, and imagination (e.g., Romantic landscapes).

Realism: Art depicts life as it is.

• Social Realism: Highlights societal struggles or injustices (e.g., Diego Rivera’s murals).

• Naturalism: Faithfully represents the natural world (e.g., 19th-century landscapes).

• Photorealism: Mimics high-detail photography in paint or sculpture.

Abstract Expression: Art emphasizes emotions, ideas, or concepts.

• Non-Representational: Focuses on form, color, and composition (e.g., Wassily Kandinsky).

• Expressionism: Prioritizes subjective emotional intensity (e.g., Edvard Munch).

• Surrealism: Explores the unconscious and dreamlike states (e.g., Salvador Dalí).

Functionalism: Art serves practical or utilitarian purposes.

• Modern Design: Blends aesthetics with function (e.g., Bauhaus movement).

• Industrial Aesthetics: Celebrates technological innovation and machinery (e.g., brutalist architecture).

• Craftsmanship: Art with a focus on utility, such as pottery or textiles.

Cultural Symbolism: Art communicates shared values or beliefs.

• Ritual Art: Integral to religious or communal practices (e.g., Native American totems).

• Mythological Art: Depicts sacred stories, symbols, or legends (e.g., Greek vase paintings).

• Political Symbolism: Art used to express political ideologies or movements (e.g., Soviet propaganda posters).

Visionary Art: Inspired by mystical or transcendent experiences.

• Psychedelic Art: Reflects altered states of consciousness (e.g., 1960s counterculture posters).

• Spiritual Art: Represents divine or cosmic themes (e.g., mandalas or religious icons).

• Occult Art: Engages with esoteric, magical, or hidden meanings (e.g., Alchemical engravings).

Performative Aesthetics: Art experienced through performance or interaction.

• Theater and Dance: Art that combines movement, narrative, and expression (e.g., ballet).

• Performance Art: Focuses on the act of creation or live expression (e.g., Marina Abramović).

• Interactive Art: Involves audience participation (e.g., installation art).

Pop Culture Aesthetics: Art that engages with or critiques popular culture.

• Pop Art: Reflects mass culture and consumerism (e.g., Andy Warhol).

• Media Art: Uses digital or film mediums to explore cultural narratives.

• Fan Art: Celebrates or reinterprets existing works or franchises.

Environmental Aesthetics: Art that interacts with or highlights nature.

• Land Art: Uses natural landscapes as a canvas (e.g., Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson).

• Eco-Art: Addresses ecological concerns and sustainability.

• Biophilic Design: Combines natural elements with artistic architecture.